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What is congenital glaucoma?
Congenital glaucoma is a form of glaucoma that occurs in infants and is either present at birth or develops within the first few years of life. It is often caused by an abnormality in the drainage system of the eye, which prevents the normal drainage of the aqueous humor (the fluid found in the anterior chamber of the eye) and leads to an increase in intraocular pressure. Increased pressure can lead to optic nerve damage and vision loss if left untreated.
What are the main causes?
The exact cause of congenital glaucoma is not always known, but it is often linked to a genetic predisposition. In some cases, it can be linked to certain genetic mutations or chromosomal abnormalities. It is important to note that congenital glaucoma is not caused by anything the parents did or did not do during pregnancy.
What are the symptoms?
Symptoms of congenital glaucoma can vary, but usually include changes in the appearance or behavior of the child’s eyes. These can include:
- Enlargement of one or both eyes
- Corneal clouding
- Tearing
- Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
- Eye redness or swelling
- Avoidance of visual interaction or poor visual tracking
How is the diagnosis made?
The diagnosis of congenital glaucoma involves a comprehensive ophthalmological examination performed by a specialized ophthalmologist. The doctor will assess the structure of the child’s eyes, measure the intraocular pressure and assess the drainage angle. Additional tests such as corneal thickness measurement or imaging studies may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis.
What is the treatment?
The main goal of treatment for congenital glaucoma is to reduce intraocular pressure and prevent further damage to the optic nerve. The most common treatment options include:
Medical treatment:
In some cases, eye drops or oral medications may be prescribed to lower intraocular pressure. These drugs work by either reducing the production of aqueous humor in the eye or increasing its drainage.
Surgery:
Surgery is often necessary to effectively manage congenital glaucoma. The specific procedure depends on the severity and individual characteristics of the condition. Surgical options may include goniotomy, trabeculotomy, trabeculectomy (link), or the use of aqueous drainage devices (link) to create an alternative drainage pathway and thereby reduce intraocular pressure.
After initial treatment, regular follow-up visits with the eye doctor are essential to monitor the child’s eye health and ensure the condition is well managed. These visits include intraocular pressure measurements, visual acuity evaluations, and optic nerve evaluations.
Congenital glaucoma is a rare eye condition that affects infants and young children. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are vital to preserve vision and prevent complications. If you suspect that your child may have congenital glaucoma or notice abnormal signs or symptoms in the eyes, you can contact us immediately for proper evaluation and guidance.